Socialism in Africa and African Socialism

Communism in Africa and African Socialism At independence, African nations needed to choose what sort of state to set up, and among 1950 and the mid-1980s, thirty-five of Africas nations embraced communism at some point. The pioneers of these nations accepted communism offered their most obvious opportunity to defeat the numerous deterrents these new states looked at freedom. At first, African pioneers made new, half and half forms of communism, known as African communism, yet by the 1970s, a few states went to the more conventional thought of communism, known as logical communism. What was the intrigue of communism in Africa, and what made African communism not the same as logical communism? The Appeal of Socialism Communism was hostile to majestic. The belief system of communism is unequivocally hostile to royal. While the U.S.S.R. (which was the substance of communism during the 1950s) was ostensibly a domain itself, its driving originator, Vladimir Lenin kept in touch with one of the most celebrated enemy of royal writings of the twentieth century: Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. In this work, Lenin evaluated expansionism as well as contended that the benefits from colonialism would ‘buy out’ the mechanical specialists of Europe. The workers’ insurgency, he finished up, would need to originate from the un-industrialized, immature nations of the world. This restriction of communism to government and the guarantee of upset coming immature nations made it speaking to against frontier patriots around the globe in the twentieth century.Socialism offered an approach to break with Western markets. To be genuinely free, African states should have been politically as well as financially autonomous. In any case, most were caught in the exchanging relations built up under expansionism. European domains had utilized African settlements for regular assets, in this way, when those states accomplished the autonomy they needed enterprises. The significant organizations in Africa, for example, the mining corporation Union Miniã ¨re du Haut-Katanga, were European-based and European-claimed. By grasping communist standards and working with communist exchanging accomplices, African pioneers planned to get away from the neo-provincial markets that expansionism had left them in. During the 1950s, communism evidently had a demonstrated track record. When the USSR was framed in 1917 during the Russian upset, it was an agrarian state with little industry. It was known as a retrogressive nation, yet under 30 years after the fact, the U.S.S.R. had gotten one of two superpowers on the planet. To get away from their pattern of reliance, African states expected to industrialize and modernize their foundations rapidly, and African pioneers trusted that by arranging and controlling their national economies utilizing communism they could make financially serious, present day states inside a couple of decades.Socialism appeared to many like a progressively regular fit with African social and accepted practices than the independent free enterprise of the West. Many African social orders place incredible accentuation on correspondence and network. The way of thinking of Ubuntu, which focuses on the associated idea of individuals and energizes neighborliness or givin g, is frequently stood out from the independence of the West, and numerous African heads contended that these qualities made communism a superior fit for African social orders than capitalism.â  One-party communist states guaranteed unity. At freedom, numerous African states were attempting to set up a feeling of patriotism among the various gatherings that made up their populace. Communism offered a reason for constraining political restriction, which pioneers - even beforehand liberal ones - came to see as a danger to national solidarity and progress. Communism in Colonial Africa In the prior decades decolonization,â a scarcely any African intelligent people, such as Leopold Senghorâ were attracted to communism in the prior decades freedom. Senghor read a considerable lot of the notorious communist works yet was at that point proposing an African rendition of communism, which would get known as African communism in the mid 1950s.â A few different patriots, similar to the future President of Guinee, Ahmad Sà ©kou Tourã ©, were vigorously associated with worker's organizations and requests for laborers rights. These patriots were frequently far less taught than men like Senghor, however, and few had the recreation to peruse, compose, and banter communist hypothesis. Their battle for living wages and essential securities from bosses made communism appealing to them, especially the sort of adjusted communism that men like Senghor proposed. African Socialism Despite the fact that African communism was unique in relation to European, or Marxist, communism in numerous regards, it was still basically about attempting to determine social and monetary disparities by controlling the methods for creation. Communism gave both a defense and a methodology for dealing with the economy through state control of business sectors and conveyance. Patriots, who had battled for a considerable length of time and some of the time a long time to get away from the mastery of the West had no intrigue, however, in getting compliant to the U.S.S.R. They likewise didn’t need to get remote political or social ideas;â they needed to empower and advance African social and political philosophies. Along these lines, the pioneers who founded communist systems not long after autonomy - like in Senegal and Tanzania - didn't repeat Marxist-Leninist ideas. Instead, they grew new, African forms of communism that upheld some customary structures while declaring that their social orders were - and consistently had been - uncouth. African variations of communism likewise allowed unquestionably more opportunity of religion. Karl Marx considered religion the opium of the people,â and progressively universal renditions of communism restrict religion unmistakably more than African communist nations. Religion or otherworldliness was and is profoundly imperative to most of African individuals, however, and African communists didn't limit the act of religion. Ujamaa The most notable case of African communism was Julius Nyereres radical arrangement of ujamaa, or villagization, in which he empowered, and later forcedâ people to move to show towns with the goal that they could take an interest in aggregate agriculture. This approach, he felt, would take care of numerous issues immediately. It would help assemble Tanzanias country populace with the goal that they could profit by state administrations like instruction and medicinal services. He likewise trusted it would help defeat the tribalism that perplexed many post-provincial states, and Tanzania did, indeed, to a great extent stay away from that specific issue. The usage ofâ ujamaaâ was imperfect, however. Rare sorts of people who had to move by the state valued it, and some had to move on occasion that implied they needed to leave handle previously planted with that years reap. Food creation fell, and the countrys economy endured. There were progresses as far as state funded training, however Tanzania was quick getting one of Africas more unfortunate nations, kept above water by remote guide. It was uniquely in 1985, however Nyerere ventured down from force and Tanzania relinquished its test with African communism. The Rise of Scientific Socialism in Africa By that point, African communism had for some time been out of vogue. Truth be told, previous defenders of African communism were at that point beginning to betray the thought in the mid-1960s. Inâ a discourse in 1967, Kwame Nkrumah contended that the term African communism had gotten too obscure to be in any way helpful. Every nation had its own rendition and there was no endless supply of what African communism was. Nkrumah likewise contended that the thought of African communism was being utilized to advance fantasies about the pre-pioneer time. He, properly, contended that African social orders had not been raunchy utopias, yet rather had been set apart by different sorts of social chain of command, and he reminded his crowd that African brokers had energetically partaken in the slave trade. A discount come back to pre-pilgrim esteems, he stated, was not what Africans needed.â Nkrumah contended that what African states expected to do was come back to increasingly conventional Marxist-Leninist communist beliefs or logical communism, and that is the thing that few African states did during the 1970s, similar to Ethiopia and Mozambique. Practically speaking, however, there were very few contrasts among African and logical communism. Logical Versus African Socialism Logical communism abstained from the talk of African conventions and standard ideas of network, and discussed history in Marxist instead of sentimental terms. Like African communism, however, logical communism in Africa was increasingly open minded of religion, and the rural premise of African economies implied that the approaches of logical communists couldn't be that not quite the same as those of African communist. It was to a greater degree a move in thoughts and message than practice.â End: Socialism in Africa All in all, communism in Africa didn't outlast the breakdown of the U.S.S.R. in 1989. The passing of a budgetary supporter and partner as the U.S.S.R. was unquestionably a piece of this, yet so too was the need numerous African states had for advances from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. By the 1980s, these organizations expected states to discharge state restraining infrastructures over creation and conveyance and privatize industry before they would consent to advances. The talk of communism was additionally becoming undesirable, and populaces pushed for multi-party states. With the evolving tied, most African states who had grasped communism in some structure grasped the influx of multi-party popular government that cleared across Africa during the 1990s. Advancement is connected now with outside exchange and speculation as opposed to state-controlled economies, however many are as yet hanging tight for the social frameworks, lik

Prosperity Without Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thriving Without Growth - Essay Example This paper outlines that financial specialists like Tim Jackson have veered off from the thoughts of monetary development, to fuse more thoughts that lead to supportable economies. In reality, the prosperity of the people and family units has become the overwhelming focus and the legislative issues have been outfitted to address these overlooked ideas. In reality, the greater part of the development that had been the focal point of most economies in the past has prompted gigantic lifts in the worldwide economy, however at the expense of the earth and the general public. On this establishing, the creations and utilization exercises have added to over 60% of the debasement of the eco-frameworks, bringing up significant issues on whether this way will prompt supportable advancement sooner rather than later. In reality, just a little bit of the advantages of the worldwide pay is redistributed to poor people, compounding the hole between the rich and poor people. Getting a fair appropriat ion of assets, in this manner, is one reason that the creator focuses to zero monetary development in success on the planet economy. The idea of interminable development has overwhelmed present day financial specialists, who neglect the social advancement identified with such sort of development. To be sure, social security and advancement are one of the key mainstays of maintainability, which prompts success even in the worldwide economy. What's more, the meeting of innumerable worldwide financial highest points to address monetary development and difficulties have not kept the world from going into incalculable downturns. On this stage, the industrialist developments appear to propose an unending way of development, prodded by monetary exercises of creation, searching for new markets and utilization as the primary drivers of development. From this point of view, the proposition of flourishing without development wakes up, in light of the fact that this consistent cycle may go on u ncertainly without upgrades in the ways of life of the majority. In fact, note that any human action is equipped towards the improvement of government assistance, and when such a framework falls flat, it is desirable over have flourishing even without development on the planet.

Essay Revision Service: Learn How To Choose The Best One

Essay Revision Service: Learn How To Choose The Best OneYou can get a lot of value from an essay revision service. You can find numerous services in the internet that claim to provide valuable services for a small fee. The catch is that you don't know if they really are providing any value at all. They can be a scam but not if they deliver what they say they can.The first step you need to take is to ensure that the essay service provides you with high quality and value for your money. The Internet is full of companies that offer this service for free but you can never be sure if the service they provide is of high quality. And it is always a better idea to pay a little more for a better service.Many of the essay services offer services to their customers. Some of these include editing, proofreading, editing of all works, title writing, grammar check, and the content editing of the piece. A lot of the services available online are very good, however some of them are simply not up to t he mark. In fact, it's not that they provide less quality services but the fact that they provide inferior services for the price that they charge you.Essay writing has never been this much fun. You don't have to spend so much time on the school or college essay. These days, you can get creative and transform the essays you write into something exciting and creative.It is a good idea to sign up with some of the many websites that offer free essays. In some cases, these websites ask you to join as a member before offering the essays to you. While joining is free, you don't have to pay for it unless you want to become a member.By joining the website, you are actually being charged a membership fee that has to be paid before you can be allowed to use the services they provide. Some of the membership sites also offer other benefits like being allowed to download worksheets, writing worksheets on the computer, etc. But be wary when signing up with these membership sites, because you migh t end up paying a lot of money for the services you didn't ask for.If you don't want to pay a membership fee and you just want to write the essay for yourself, then there are many different resources online that offer this option. You can download worksheets and other tools online that will help you out in the editing process.Essay writing doesn't have to be difficult anymore. However, you need to ensure that the essay revision service you are signing up with is legitimate and provide you with high quality services for a reasonable fee.

Teenage Experience Admission Essay

Always On the Move Unlike most of my friends, who enjoyed the stability of living in respectable suburbs, I spent my teenage years on the move. My parents traveled a lot on business, being a choreographer and a doctor with a famous theatrical ballet company, and I had to face the choice of either traveling with them, or living with my grandparents. I chose the first option, which meant that I would have to study in different schools, sometimes just with a private teacher or using the Internet technology, sending and receiving e-mails with home assignments and stay with parents for several months during the end of the school year to take my exams and prove that I had acquired the necessary level. If compared to the life of my friends, my experience was very different. They went to one school all the time, whereas I changed three or four places during the year. It is true that both my friends and I studied hard, but I was supposed to be more independent and responsible. I had to plan my weekly schedule to make up for those classes I missed. Neither my friends, nor I could feel bored, but the reason for our excitement was quite different. I was fascinated by the new cities I saw every three months and they were excited because they could go out with their friends or have a picnic. My traveling experience also taught me to be very flexible, outgoing and sociable, while many of my friends tend to be quite stubborn and reserved. So, the lifestyle of my parents and the fact that I traveled with them made my teenage years truly extraordinary. I feel extremely lucky that instead of sitting at a desk for many years, I saw different places of the world. However, sometimes I miss the peace and quiet of my grandparents place.

The Extracellular Matrix of Multi-Cellular Animals

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a feature of all multi cellular animals . It is a complex network of proteins secreted locally by cells via exocytosisalberts. The protein components that form the ECM include proteoglycans, glycoproteins such as fibronectin and fibres such as collagen. In addition a family of five matricellular proteins called thrombospondins are present. All cells are in close contact with the ECM either continuously or at important phases of their development27. The ECM provides a physical environment in which a cell exists. It supplies the substrate for cell anchorage, wound repair and for transmitting environmental signals which affects the proliferation, differentiation and survival of a cell 1. Even though the assembly of ECM proteins into the highly organized functional matrix is known to be absolutely vital for the survival and normal development of animals it is still not fully understood5. Continued understanding of this dynamic structure is needed due to the important role the ECM plays in the normal development and function of tissues, homeostasis, wound repair and regeneration in multi cellular organisms. Therefore among the many ECM protein components that interact, the formation of collagen networks is pertinent to this study. The collagens are arguably the most dominant protein in the ECM. The collagens represent a large heterogeneous family of ECM glycoproteins which contain at least one triple helical domain collagen family. AllShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1572 Words   |  7 Pagestypical eukaryotic cells. Cells can be organised into three domains as stated by Embley and Williams (2015): Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes (Eukarya). This is based on the findings of Carl Woesse, who in 1985, discovered three domains in which all cellular life on Earth can be sorted using their ribosomal RNA sequencing. Woesse introduced the domains as Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea as a basis for a more accurate form of classification as opposed to the five-kingdom taxonomy (Woesse et al. 1990). FromRead MoreChemical Compounds That Transmit Neural Signals From One Neuron1475 Words   |  6 Pagesprobing various neurotransmitters with spine-sized spatial resolution. Instead of probing the neurotransmitters directly, one could probe the neurotransmitter binding events by coupling it to a different optical readout using a multi-component system. Nguyen et al. described a multi-component system, called cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (CNiFERs), to monitor in situ neurotransmitter receptor activation {Nguyen, 2010 #921}. 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A) single linear B) single circular -C) multiple linear D) multiple circular 4. Which energy-producing process is thought to have come first during cellular evolution? A) Photosynthesis -B) Glycolysis C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) All originated at the same time 5. At the time life arose on Earth, Earths atmosphere contained all but which of the following? A) H2 B) N2 -C) O2 Read MoreDental Question Bank33485 Words   |  134 Pagesimprovement in oral hygiene Prevent gingivitis Reduce the need for patient cooperation 117. Plaque is considered as an infection because A. Antibiotic therapy prevents or stop its formation B. Indication of bacterial activity C. It is common to both animal and human 23 118. Which of the following is true in relation to dental decay A. Foods that require vigorous mastication will increase salivary flow and reduce PH B. Tooth brushing immediately after meals is most effective because demineralisation

Bell Hooks Views Higher Education is Important Free Essays

The United States provides our society with the undeniable right to learn. The right to higher education is not limited to the middle and upper classes; it allows the less privileged, minorities, as well as both sexes, to receive an equal education. Two arguments which present interesting views on higher education are bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? † Hooks views higher education with a concern for the underprivileged, whereas Rich views it with a concern for women. We will write a custom essay sample on Bell Hooks Views Higher Education is Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of the two works, I personally do not agree with Rich†s argument. Bell hooks views higher education to be a time in which we find ourselves and learn more about who we are. This concept remains difficult on the underprivileged because they do not want to be known for their background. They see themselves as less privileged, and therefore want to keep this hidden from their new society. These students face many obstacles in their lives; college presents a whole new and much larger challenge. The transition is also hard on them. They want to fit in and hide their past, but at the same time, they do not want to lose sight of their upbringings. Hooks felt that she was an outsider in college, because she herself came from an underprivileged background, while most of her peers came from privileged backgrounds. Hooks states, â€Å"I did not intend to forget my class background or alter my class allegiance†(88), but she felt that in order to succeed, she must change who she was. Society, peers, and educators make assumptions that label the underprivileged and minorities as † ‘lower class† people† who have â€Å"no beliefs or values†(88). Professors expect these students to perform badly because of their past and their reputation in today†s society. The students are not given the fair chance other students receive. Knowing the way society portrays them, the students keep to themselves. Even after they prove to be serious and capable students, they are still looked down upon. Hooks, at first, thought that in order to succeed in college, she must change who she was, to blend in with her peers. She said many â€Å"believe that assimilation is the only possible way to survive, to succeed. (89). After going through the transition and facing these obstacles herself, hooks came to the conclusion that this was not the case. She has maintained close ties with her family, knows where she came from, and has succeeded in life. Hook†s essay tells us that you can maintain close relationships with home and still succeed. Not only are the underprivileged discriminated against, but women are too. One extreme feminist side, Adrienne Rich claims that women are not getting what they deserve when it comes to higher education. Rich states, â€Å"There is no woman†s college today which is providing young women with the education they need for survival as whole persons in a world which denies women wholeness†(45). This, of course, is all due to male dominance. Rich believes women are outsiders in man†s world. She wants women to keep their outsider†s view and not think like men when they are placed in a prominent position. The sense of male supremacy discourages women from performing at an equal level. This goes along with the idea that â€Å"feminist studies are ‘unscholarly,† ‘biased,† and ‘ideological†Ã¢â‚¬ (46). Rich claims that the education women are receiving is leaving them powerless and vulnerable. She believes â€Å"that without such an education, women have lived and will continue to live in ignorance of our collective context†(45). Because of male dominance over women†s education, the chance for women to be educated the way women should be educated is one that Rich believes does not exist. Because of Adrienne Rich†s extreme views and harsh tone towards men, I disagree with her view on higher education. Just as Rich, I do believe that women have the right to an education. Men do not have a hidden agenda to keep women powerless in the world as Rich implies. Despite the fact that this argument was given almost twenty years ago when women†s rights were a controversy, her view of women, even then, is a bit demeaning. Her comment that motherhood deprives women of their power is ridiculous. Clearly, bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? display a view of higher education in which people are being discriminated against. The underprivileged, as well as women, continue to be taken advantage of in our society. The right to higher education is given to all persons – rich or poor, black or white, man or woman. Some fail to realize the importance of higher education as a step in the right direction. This opportunity is one that should and can be taken advantage of by everyone who wants badly enough to achieve success and lead a successful life. How to cite Bell Hooks Views Higher Education is Important, Papers

Management at J C Penney Company, Inc

Introduction J C Penney Company is a commercial entity that operates a variety of departmental stores, mostly in the American market. The company operates from Plano, Texas. From this operational locus, the company effectively coordinates its operations in all states where it has operations. In addition, the company operates several departmental Stores in Puerto Rico (Plunkett, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through its departmental stores and other related establishments, the company endeavours to achieve and consolidate its operations within the market. This creates additional advantage over competitors in the market. The company ensures that its stores are strategically located in areas that guarantee productivity and sustenance of competitive edge with regard to market functions and operations (Plunkett, 2007). Towards the end of the 20th century, the management of J C Penney Company acknowledged the growing popularity of shopping malls. Consequently, it embraced the trend and eventually incorporated it as part of its operational regimen. In recent years, the company has increasingly responded to consumer demands and articulations by initiating products and services that fulfil emergent needs of its customers (Plunkett, 2007). Through innovative and creative approach to commerce, the company has effectively shifted from traditional business practices that do not recognize modern operational thresholds in business. In 1998, the company began efforts to realign its operations in catalogue and distribution services through various changes at all stores and departmental establishments. These efforts have seen the company through various turbulent stages of its national and regional operations (Plunkett, 2007). The management of J C Penney Company has indeed played an integral role in building and restructuring t he company to its current standing and stature in the market. Discussion The incorporation of J C Penney Company is a tale of exploits by its founder, James Cash Penney. Upon completing his high school studies, he undertook various duties and responsibilities at a local store in Hamilton. Penny later moved to Colorado owing to health concerns. In Colorado, he worked for various department stores where he assisted in creation and incorporation of new stores (Plunkett, 2007). He later acquired full control of the stores through purchase of a substantial stake in the commercial establishments. In 1909, he relocated all operations to Salt Lake City in Utah. Infrastructural developments necessitated the shift from Colorado to Utah. Within a period of three years, Penney had 34 commercial establishments in various states across the United States.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More L ater on, all department stores enjoined under the banner of J C Penney Company. This consolidation aimed at creating a formidable operational threshold that would effectively counter various forces in the market (Plunkett, 2007). In the course of its development and growth, J C Penny Company has weathered various storms that were fundamental in its propagation as a commercial entity. For instance, it has undergone various alignments through change of management and corporate acquisitions. In 1913, the company co-opted William Henry McManus as a statutory director and co-founder (Hitt, 2005). This geared towards creation and consolidation of superior service through dynamic and progressive management practices. In the end, the management gamble paid off as the company doubled its operations across the market. Another monumental step in its growth was the relocation to Newyork in 1914. This move sought to simplify procurement procedures, financial services, and infrastructural support services. This created a favourable ground for growth and development of the company’s portfolio and dominance within the market (Hitt, 2005). Management is an integral component in daily operations of commercial entities. Devoid of proper and supportive management practices, businesses cannot deliver on their mandate and expectations. Since its inception, J C Penney Company has had a complete metamorphosis with regard to management and running of business undertakings. In early days of operation, the company undertook a conservative approach to management (Hitt, 2005). This approach ensured clear understanding of recurrent needs within the market. The management approach guaranteed success and profitability in a competitive corporate environment. Despite various challenges and shortcomings within the market, J C Penney grew into a successful business entity. Early success of the company emanated from sound managerial practices that anchored on strategic alignments within th e market. Through sound management, J C Penny made several acquisitions that heralded a bright future with regard to growth and expansion (Hitt, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to technological advancements, J C Penney Company had to realign its operations with current realities and challenges. The company had to alter its structural framework in order to support its operations in a highly dynamic and modernized economic and commercial landscape. Over several decades, the company initiated organizational changes that ameliorated its ability to launch and propagate new and innovative products. Towards the end of the 20th century, the company inaugurated its internet outfit that preoccupied with online retail and merchandising (Hitt, 2005). This approach increased its hegemony in commerce because of the ability to reach a wide and d iverse range of clientele. However, these efforts led to closure and termination of several stores that could not sustain profitability in a competitive market (Hitt, 2005). Later on, the company terminated its drug store services in a bid to reinvent itself. Through its online outfit, J C Penney developed a profit regime that heralded unprecedented success and growth in a volatile market. By all standards, the company continues to record success due to its style of management. The management team strives to ensure growth, expansion, and profitability through innovative management practices. Therefore, it is evident that the company is under good management that not only grows it but also ensures dominance and propagation in a competitive domain (Lehman, 2008). As earlier mentioned, it is important for organizations to cultivate a culture of proper and sustainable management in order to support and enhance growth, expansion, and profitability. This creates room for incorporation of new and innovative ideas that catapult the organization to greater corporate success. In case of J C Penny Company, top management team have continually played a pivotal role in introducing and sustaining new and innovative concepts that ultimately enhance productivity (Lehman, 2008). The shift from catalogue to internet retail trading was monumental and crucial in various ways. The company had to invoke several structural adjustments with regard to operations and undertakings within the market. This shift required intense and concerted participation by the top management team. The team offered guidance in every step throughout the implementation process (Lehman, 2008). The team supported such endeavours through enactment of policy guidelines that sought to validate and expedite the transition.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process was successful and helpful in converting the company into a competitive commercial entity. However, numerous hiccups threatened to derail the process. Such challenges provided a favourable opportunity for innovation and expansion (Lehman, 2008). In modern society, celebrities hold great relevance in terms of influence and public opinion. Various organizations utilize such influence as a tool for marketing their goods and services. J C Penney Company uses celebrities in marketing products that ultimately record success in the market. By using celebrities in product endorsements, the company realizes their inherent potential in influencing and swaying public opinion (Hare, 2004). This effectively raises the profile of company products and other related services. This is an effective way of promoting products and services in the market. People tend to associate the products with the celebrities who endorse such products. Innovation is a very critical aspect in success of or ganizations as they pursue productivity and profitability. Through innovation, organizations position themselves in strategic areas of competence and operation within their respective markets. For J C Penney Company, one innovative idea would be introduction of wider and intensive delivery networks to support availability of goods in the market (Hare, 2004). Through such delivery networks, the company would intensify its services to respective market segments. This idea would materialize through incorporation of all relevant stakeholders in the process of implementing the changes. J C Penny Company is very prepared with regard to adapting to modern changes in the market. Ability to meet customer needs is a very important aspect in business. The company has a clear and informed understanding of all areas that concern service to its customers. This guarantees customer satisfaction in all areas of operation within its market (Hare, 2004). Conclusion J C Penney Company continues to reco rd positive results in all areas of operation within its market scope. The ultimate success and productivity of this company depends on factors such as innovativeness and proper management skills. Without proper management, it is difficult for the company to record any meaningful success in commercial undertakings. Despite various challenges and shortcomings within the market, J C Penney grew into a successful business entity (Hare, 2004). Early success of the company emanated from sound managerial practices that anchored on strategic alignments within the market. Through sound management, J C Penney made several acquisitions that heralded a bright future with regard to growth and expansion. Indeed, J C Penny Company is a formidable force in the world of retail business around the world. References Hare, B. (2004). Celebration of Fools: An Inside Look at the Rise and Fall of J CÂ  Penney. London: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. (2005). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases . London: CENGAGE. Lehman, M. (2008). Century 21 Accounting. London: Oxford University Press. Plunkett, J. (2007). Retail Industry Giants: J C Penney. Newyork: Taylor Francis. This report on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc was written and submitted by user T'Challa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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