Online Business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1368 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 2.4.4 Navigation For the online store layout design, character organization and ease of use or accessibility, navigation is an important aspect to the userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interface. Nielsen and Norman(2000) state that consumer cognition of the trust of e-vendors and attitude is highly influenced by the website interface design. The interaction of products or service information between clients and e-vendors will be influenced by user interface of e-store in website. a well-designed user interface could minimise cost of searching to clients and reduce the used time for online shopping. When the internet is fast, online shopping is fun and pleasurable, unmixed easy to follow steps by clients, will reduce time spend on shopping and clients find out how to purchase better according to their needs, Li Zhang (2002). Also, the help function should be put in navigation, which will assist clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to deal accordingly with the problems they face. Se rial navigation applications such as search engine and site maps are made available to clients to assist them in choosing and purchasing products online by many e-stores. 2.4.5 Online security In e-commerce the security of online transaction is seen as the key factor which is repeatedly debated on, Elliot Fewell (2000). Furnell Karweni (1999) expressed that due to lack of faith in online marketers, clients tend to be more concerned with their personal information all these due to the insecurity brought about by the online market. Financial statements and privacy is seen as the most important to clients compared to other things. The well being of a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal information is not well explained and the procedure of how it is done not elaborated on even as the online stores sites give policies for protection of customer personal information and claim secure online transaction. Gaining the faith of clients by online marketers is still a big problem even th ough information technology has highly evolved to insure high security levels, Roy et al (2001). Online clients are afraid of the security system of third party cheating characters, especially when they are not assured of their credit cards information safety, observed Miyazaki Fernadez (2001). Clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial information and identity codes may be leaked during a transaction, and this is a scenario that really exists in online transaction environment. Even when online shopping has many advantages such as relatively low prices and a variety of products to choose from, customers may opt for traditional purchase of goods just because of their information insecurity, Brown Muchira (2004). 2.5 Information risks E-commerce in the 21st century is an unavoidable trend; the biggest hindrance to influence its development being the risk, China is still in its starting stage in the development of electronic trade and has a clear understanding that to take the risk is essential. From the characteristics of e-commerce, the risk can be divided into internal risk and external risk, the risk of information belongs to the external risk. Information risk is seen as in the information sharing process, the accuracy of the information, hysteresis or other hard result from information in-division and the severity of information pollution phenomenon according to Chen Qin (2008). Generally, information risk is from information asymmetry and information insecurity. 2.5.1 Information Asymmetry The problem in controlling the outcome that causes evasion of risk by a business partner is known as information asymmetry, Kumar van Dissel (1996). Moreover, it can be elucidated as where different business parties dealing with each other understand the information differently; the vendor is more enlightened while the client is less informed. Briefly, information asymmetry is that in market transaction, when one party of the transaction cannot observe or sup ervise the act of the other party, or the observation and supervision are expensive, the information gotten may also be incomplete, hence, both parties of the transaction will understand asymmetrical information differently. In information asymmetry in the market there are generally two kinds: the vendors have more information than the clients, and the buyers are more enlightened than the vendors, Salam et al (2003). The first one is the main form in many goods market. In the process of online purchase, customers need to research for many goods information to decide, add the accurate products function description, the best price information, the trustworthy commodity information from website forum, credit card information security on the website etc. The Internet just like an information hodgepodge, many e-marketers give invalid information driven by selfishness and inconsideration to the clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests. The result of information asymmetry includes adverse selec tion risk and moral risk. 2.5.1.1 Adverse selection risk Theoretically, one of merits of online transaction is through many of network technology clients are enable to get all the needed information conveniently and within very limited period of time, hence enable information sharing, Chen Qin (2008). However, the business enterprises often from their selfishness end up hiding important product information like commercial secret from clients. Consequently, the vendor has more product information but the customer has only limited information, this makes the client to lack to make accurate evaluation of the quality and cost of products, with this average kind of market, the outcome is vendors being left with the high quality products. 2.5.1.2 Moral risk Moral risk is mostly done as a cheating character. Like the behaviours of the internet, the clients get information that is posted and broadcasted by vendors, and then decide on the costs, use of products which may include incorrect information based on that information. For example, clients cannot receive the goods after payment, or the vendors provide the poor quality products to customers and they keep changing the description and also do not carry out their parts after the purchase according to the deal. Miyazaki and Fernandez (2001) reported that 56.4% of consumers have met the unauthenticated information when shopping online, 40.9% customers had encountered the commitment of online service but the e-vendors failed to fulfil their end of the bargain, and 36.1% online customers stated that it was impossible to contact the customer care centre or their complaint via the phone or email was ignored point blank. More so, some fraudsters use non trustable emails or false website to cheat shoppers, then victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial information such as credit card number, account detail is usually shared. The scammers usually hide their identities as bank staff, online retailers or credit card co mpanies to attract users to give personal information, once they key in the information; it is stolen by disguised viruses. Research indicates that more than 5% of people who see the scams will respond to them among them being some who have already being cheated before, Contantinide (2004). Clients tend to lose trust in online shopping due to all these cheating characters. Hence, e-marketers should provide trustworthy and secure information environment to minimize the situation of information asymmetry. 2.5.2 Information security risk Recently, scholars have not come to an agreement on how to generally explain online shopping risk but the security of information security is mostly known as field of e-commerce risk, Ngai Wat (2005). Greenstein (2000) views risk as risk information linked with possible physical, mental or financial lose of confidential data or its destruction, generation or making use of data or programs that can harm the other party. Information insecurity may cause client indecision, when dealing with online purchase especially. Information security and privacy are important to the indecision linked with how personal information is dealt with by e-vendors and who is allowed to access it, Tsai Yeh (2010). Personal information in a numerical form can be easily duplicated, shared, and used, which enable e-marketers to establish and be more enlightened about clients. Hence, this information could bring about serious insecurity of inappropriate clients with personalized services and other merits, Malhotra (2004) It is through open network of online purchase that, the computer system is widely used to store, transmit and transact information like statement information, invoice information, information to negotiate and personal business documents. The threats of information security are mostly usually from a variety of things that keep evolving. Forsythe et al (2006) stated that the most common threats are hacking, malicious attacks and co mputer virus; other aspects are like physical damage, personal destruction and natural calamities. Hence, client information security needs to be guaranteed as the information security technology of network system is very important in the e-purchase environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Online Business" essay for you Create order

Buddhism in Sculpture Essay examples - 801 Words

Image that is recognized all around the world, name that does not take time remembering when that image is seen, a half naked man sitting in a meditative pose - some god, as seen by most people, Buddha is a messenger of internal peace that has as much of a story behind him as Jesus or Allah. Religions iconography and gods represented in sculptures always have a great deal of symbolism involved in them. Nothing ordinary person would look into these days until the topic is confronted unavoidably through a class or a show in a museum, which I was lucky enough to take a part of recently. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every Buddhist statue tells a story of its own. Educated person can say where the statue comes from and which time period it†¦show more content†¦Although Buddha figures’ natural look, look that indicates life in the body made of rock, Asian statues’ shapes are still abstracted in some way. Chinese representations of Buddha are usually puffier and look inflated if compared to the images originating from such neighboring states as India and Japan where the form looks sharper and the shoulder-to-waist ratio is higher. Despite the abstract form statues’ expressions are still representative of Buddha’s meditative, neutral state of midlife, which captures his state of enlightenment and inner piece. One can only imagine how many statues there had been made over the centuries of philosophy’s existence. Besides the amount that has been destroyed with time there are thousands, probably millions that still exist and are available for public view and research. Minneapolis Institute of Art offers a wide array of examples that vary in styles, origins and time of production. I cannot leave unmentioned the fact that out of all the exhibits I have not seen enough examples of statue capturing Buddha’s moment of enlightenment under the sacred fig tree called Bodhi. 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Essay: Formal and Stylistic Analysis of Buddha Amitabha Naiwen Zhang 02/10/2014 Professor Jones ! The sculpture Buddha Amitabha is a typical Sui Dynasty style art piece that represents the will of people who wish to have peace and joy. Their life goals is achieve enlightenment. Their believe of the existence of the western paradise where they will suffer no more from anything. It is also a piece of love and good fortune that was sent from the women to their family. ! Buddha Amitabha is a bronzeRead MoreBuddhism And The Buddhist Art1289 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism is actually more of a philosophy or way of life than a religion. Approximately 350 million people around the world are Buddhists. It began about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gautama at age 35, known as the Buddha, was â€Å"awakened or enlightened†. Buddhism basically means you must lead a moral life, be aware of your thoughts and actions and try to develop wisdom and understanding. 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Should Democratic Promotion Be a Top Priority of the United States Free Essays

string(206) " organization were stunned when witnessing minorities being asked to provide two forms of identification when only one was needed and African Americans being intimidated by Republican lawyers at the polls\." Promoting democracy has been a key part of the United States foreign policy prescription for more than forty years. After the defeat of the fascist regimes during the second world war and the fall of the Soviet Union after the cold war, the United States government latched on to the idea of democratization because it became widely accepted that this is how our national security is best protected. This new ideology is very different when compared to what Secretary of State John Quincy Adams stated in 1821: â€Å"Where the standard of freedom and independence has been unfurled, there will her heart, her benedictions, and her prayers be. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Democratic Promotion Be a Top Priority of the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now But she does not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own. † The United States has not always forcefully campaigned change, but led by example in order to try to inspire the world (Hook 2008, 383-7). While this type of approach to international relations may not fit our current time period, it is beginning to look as if our current policy approach is fading into history as well. Here is the issue at hand: should promoting democracy abroad be a top United States priority? Argumentatively, no, it should not. Democratic nations are said to be less prone to making war, more economically stable, and more peaceful internally. This premise comes from what is known as the â€Å"democracy-peace theory. † Unfortunately, this theory is not completely sound. Democracies are just as likely to participate in warfare, especially if they are a newly democratized state. Studies show that within the first ten years of being established, new democracies are likely to engage in conflict with other democratic states as well as with authoritarian states (Bin. 2007). America began its road towards democracy while fighting for its freedom in the Revolutionary War. A short distance down the time line, the northern and southern parts of the country were divided in a civil war, proving that even America had a rough start in the beginning. Transitioning over to democracy is not easy; actually, it is quite dangerous. The expectations of citizens living in a country undergoing the transformation may not be met as quickly as they would like, thus creating doubt in the new government’s ability to create positive changes. The end result is a rebellion against democracy (Bennett 2010, 43-60). Once the democracy has failed, leaving behind a country with no direction in sight, there is room for other institutions to seize control by preying on the sentiment of the citizens. Nazi Germany after the Weimar Republic and militaristic Japan after the Taisho democracy are a few examples that led to devastating outcomes (Bin. 2007). In these instances, democracy was tried, failed, and then another political institution took over, causing chaos, and causing the rest of the world to spend large amounts of money rebuilding and mending a broken country. Keep in mind that the United States has already built up a 12. trillion dollar deficit, which has increased $3. 87 billion dollars daily since September 28, 2007. To put that into perspective, if that number is divided by the entire population of the United States, that leaves about $40,000 dollars that every United States citizen shares in debt (U. S. National Debt Clock). I do not think that the United States has money to spare on ris ky foreign policies. Democracy is typically believed to enhance relationships between nations and make cooperation with them easier. We need to take into consideration that even though we preach that beneficial outcomes are more likely to arise, what if they do not? Suppose that we do everything correctly in establishing the necessary components for a democracy to be successful: create honest leaders, promote better education, establish a better economy, establish the rule of law, and instill the concepts that our Bill of Rights have established for our own country, it is possible that we could still end up with a country that is unfriendly to the United States and the rest of the world. For example, the democracy in Palestine that the United States accepted for many years elected a terrorist group by the name of Hamas in 2006 to be their leader. This group has an intense hatred for Israel, one of our closest allies. Now we have the pleasure of dealing with a democratically elected terroristic leadership that will be nearly impossible to work with. Democracy obviously did not consider our national interest in this case (Rosenbaum. 2007). Another good example of how democracy does not always serve America’s best interest is the democratically elected president of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez. It is questioned whether or not Venezuela is a democracy but the fact is, the Venezuelan people continue to elect Chavez as their leader. This makes them a democracy (Jordan 2007). Even though this country is a democracy, relationships with them are not satisfactory due to Chavez’s defiance in spawning relationships with American enemies such as Cuba, Iran, and Libya (About. com). Regardless of the democratic state of these two countries, they have bred unfavorable situations for the United States, proving that democracy is not always the cure for the disease. If democracy is not guaranteed to produce countries that we can cooperate with and if we are unable to accept when a democracy is not in our favor, then why continue to pour valuable resources into promoting this policy? This question is worth consideration in a world that is beginning to view international relations with the United States as a joke. The United States has developed a hypocritical image in promoting democracy. In 2004, Secretary of State Colin Powell invited the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, an organization that the United States worked through to advocate democracy in previous communist states, to witness the presidential election. Members of the organization were stunned when witnessing minorities being asked to provide two forms of identification when only one was needed and African Americans being intimidated by Republican lawyers at the polls. You read "Should Democratic Promotion Be a Top Priority of the United States" in category "Papers" Representatives from Belarus, one of the least democratic countries in Europe, took this opportunity to justify their own corruption by pointing out the United States lack of democracy and respect for human rights (Parry. 2005). If we desire to see change in the rest of the world, then we must lead by example and take our own advice domestically. In 2009, 1. 75 billion dollars of the foreign affairs budget was specifically for promoting democracy, which included funds for voter and civic education abroad. While this was a positive for those countries, a portion of that money should have been used to fund programs such as these in our own education system. According to a report done in 2000 by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, students at fifty-five of the top colleges in the United States managed to earn their degree without ever taking a course in American history. Our elementary educational system is also significantly frail in teaching world history, geography, and languages other than English (Johnson. 2003). The National Assessment of Educational Progress for civics most recently discovered that in grades four, eight, and twelve, only about 21% of students had proficient civic knowledge. Funding was increased to the Center for Civic Education, but in 2005, President Bush proposed a request that all funding for the CCE be reduced in light of the funds going to the war in Iraq and other programs overseas (Quirk. 2008). We are prepared to fund programs such as the CCE in other countries but are reluctant to do it for our own future leaders of democracy. The United States also funds programs abroad encouraging citizens to participate in their government democratically by voting. Unfortunately, when compared to other countries that we actively campaign this message to, the United States ranks twenty out of twenty-one in voter turnout (Quirk. 2008). We are obviously paying too much money and attention to the rest of the world in regards to education and democratic participation because as everyone else continues to rise, we slowly decline. If we forget about our own citizens while focusing on others, what will happen to our own democracy? In conclusion, instead of making democracy promotion a top priority of our foreign policy, the United States should put democracy as an issue that needs attention domestically. If there are internal problems within our own country that are visible by foreign nations, the United States will never make progress in promoting democratic â€Å"American-style† values. Once the United States has tended to its own weak areas domestically and attempted to improve them, only then will our image as a world leader begin to take positive form again, and only then will it become easier for us to promote our values. We cannot lead by example if we are setting a bad example and we cannot clean up the world if we have not washed our own hands. Annotated Bibliography About. com: US Foreign Policy. The Relationship of the United States with Venezuela. http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/countryprof4/p/usvenezuela. htm. This website provided straight forward information about the relationship status of the United States and Venezuela. It provided brief information on why and how this relationship was created and what sort of path that the Venezuelan president is taking. I believe that the purpose of this website is for basic questions of research but not for in depth research. It did provide other links that were relevant to the topic, but I think that a website such as Wikipedia. com would be more reliable and have more detailed information. I was able to find this website through Google with the search terms being United States relationship with Venezuela. Bennett, Andrew, George Shambaugh. 2010. Taking Sides: Clashing Views in American Foreign Policy. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. This book contains issues that are typically controversial in American Foreign Policy. The authors provide an introduction to each issue, both sides of the argument, and closing remarks on the argument. This book was the starting point of my paper because it is where my topic originated. The introduction to the issue actually contained more useful information for me to get started with rather than the actual argument itself. This edition of this book was published in 2010, which makes it a very reliable source. The authors specifically include a note to students explaining that these arguments are not one-sided and that the purpose of this book is to better educate people on these views and to encourage involvement. This book was a required reading for the course that this paper is intended for. Bin, Yu. 2007. Making Democracy Safe for the World. Foreign Policy In Focus, (November 8), http://www. fpif. org/articles/making_democracy_safe_for_the_world (accessed February 15, 2010). This article was right on target with why democracy is not perfect. It explains how the â€Å"democracy-peace theory† failed to consider the other side of the spectrum when preaching that democratic states are less likely to participate in warfare. The author makes sure to point out that democracy is not negatively correlated with warfare, but that nations transforming to democracy are vulnerable. I think it is good that the article gave examples of democratic tries that failed, resulting in the taking over by an authoritarian regime because it helped to prove a new democracy’s vulnerability and that we should learn from the mistakes of history. This article was done 3 years ago, which is still recent, and right in the middle of the changing tides in President Bush’s foreign policy popularity. This article was on a website called Foreign Policy In Focus, and I found this website through a required reading for my American Foreign Policy class. I used the key word â€Å"democracy† to find this article. Hook, Steven W. 2008. U. S. Foreign Policy: The Paradox of World Power. 2nd ed. Washington DC: CQ Press. This book’s purpose is to provide information on American foreign policy from the past to the present. Hook divides the book into chapters that are focused on the different components of foreign policy and in one chapter, there is a section that is dedicated to democracy promotion as a part of the foreign policy prescription. This section was helpful in comparing past approaches to this issue to current approaches to this issue in detail. I would use this book again as a reference if necessary when doing another paper in regards to foreign policy. I was able to use this book as a source because it was part of the required reading that was listed for my American Foreign Policy course. Johnson, Loch K. , Kiki Caruson. 2003. The Seven Sins of American Foreign Policy. PS Online, (January), http://www. aspanet. org. This article was assigned as a reading assignment in my American Foreign Policy course. The authors go into detail when explaining the seven wrongs that America commits in regards to foreign policy. They name ignorance, lack of empathy, isolationism, unilateralism, precipitate military action, presidential imperialism, and arrogance as the seven sins of United States foreign policy approach. The article provides examples of how each sin has been committed in order to show what needs to be changed and improved in foreign policy. The information on ignorance was particularly useful to me when explaining how education has declined in importance in the United States. Due to the detailed examples that are provided by the author, this article seems to be a reliable source. Jordan, James. 2007. Venezuela: Democracy or dictatorship. Green Left Weekly, (November 29), http://www. greenleft. org. au/2007/734/38002 (accessed February 18, 2010). This article, which was in question and answer form, was done by James Jordan, who is the emergency response coordinator for the US-based Venezuela Solidarity Network. He provides answers to questions in regards to Venezuela’s form of government and to what direct path that Hugo Chavez is taking their nation. I used this article to determine that Venezuela was technically a democracy in light of their continuous elections in favor of Chavez. The article comes from an online newspaper called Green Left Weekly, which is radical newspaper in Australia concerned with global issues such as the environment, human rights, and global peace. I found this article through Ask. com by asking if Venezuela was a democracy or not. Parry, Nat. 2005. U. S. Elections Undermine America in Eastern Europe. Foreign Policy In Focus, (September 30), http://www. fpif. org/articles/us_elections_undermine_america_in_eastern_europe (accessed February 10, 2010). This article shows the United States’ somewhat hypocritical image to the rest of the world in regards to democracy promotion. The author gives the 2004 presidential election as the example and describes what representatives of other nations witnessed as they observed the election. The author emphasizes that if America wants to be taken seriously when exporting American-style values, then America needs to practice these values. It is also emphasized that the 2004 election had a great deal of influence on the world’s perception of the United States. This article did a good job in helping me to produce my final points of my paper. It was written in 2005 but given how close in time that it was written to the 2004 election, I believe that this article is reliable and is useful in pointing out work that needs to be done domestically as well as foreign. Quirk, Patrick W. 2008. Democracy Promotion Doublespeak. Foreign Policy In Focus, (April 4), http://www. fpif. org/reports/democracy_promotion_doublespeak (accessed February 10, 2010). This article points out hypocritical practices of the United States especially in regards to education and democratic participation. It discusses how the United States funds many programs to improve these areas in other countries but is reluctant to fund programs in these areas for its own citizens, demonstrating that our own democracy could use some attention as well. The article provides statistics in voter turnout between the United States and other nations and also gives an example of how President Bush failed to recognize that the United States had areas to work on domestically. The author makes many good arguments in this article that most people probably do not think to consider. I also found this article on Foreign Policy In Focus. That website looks to be a great source of information on current and past events. Rosenbaum, Jason. 2007. Is Democracy Really In America’s Interests? (August 7), http://www. theseminal. com/2007/08/02/is-democracy-the-worlds-savior/ (accessed February 9, 2010). This article discusses how democracy promotion could lead to adverse effects in regards to the interests of the United States. The author points out that even if the United States did a superb job of promoting democracy, it could still produce governments that did not favor the United States. He emphasizes that before the United States continues with its current foreign policy approach to democracy, we need to consider whether it is worth the resources if the outcomes are not more likely to be in our favor almost 100% of the time. I found this article through Google. com by searching for the cons of democracy promotion. U. S. National Debt Clock. http://www. brillig. om/debt_clock/ (accessed February 18, 2010). On this website I was able to find the exact amount of the United States national deficit. The amount was even divided by the number of people living in the United States to show just how much each person has weighing on their shoulders due to irresponsible spending by the federal government. The site goes on to say that the national debt increases everyday by more than 3 billion dollars. This website is not a government website so its reliability is hard to judge, but by looking at the detail, the information seems valid. How to cite Should Democratic Promotion Be a Top Priority of the United States, Papers

Auditor Independence and Audit Quality System

Question: Auditor Independence and Audit Quality System. Answer: Introduction: In the first situation, Clarke and Johnson (auditor) can become eligible for reappointment if it offers an effective speech to the stakeholders regarding the companys well doings. This is the case of intimidation threat to CJ by the CEO of the company. Thus, since CJ has a fear of losing its reappointment, an independent opinion cannot be provided on its part. In the second scenario, the companys CEO is providing gifts in kind to the auditor, together with the specified audit fees to obtain another smooth audit procedure like that of the previous This is the case of familiarity threat as the CEO intends to manipulate the auditors opinion in the companys favor due to a strong relationship already set between them. In the third scenario, Michael being the auditor is under an obligation to investigate the affairs of the company including that of his father, as he is the financial controller of the company. Since Michael has a self-interest in the audit process; he will not report any mi sconduct on the companys part, as it can result in loss of his fathers job (Holland Lane, 2012). In the last situation, Annette being appointed as an auditor is under an obligation to examine her own activities (tax computations and entry preparation) being conducted in the year 2015. Hence, this is a self-review threat that cannot offer a fair opinion, and such job must be delegated to some other professional. The best available safeguard in the first situation is the establishment of a corporate governance structure like an audit committee in order to attain effective oversight and communication regarding the services of audit firm (Tepalagul Lin, 2015). This safeguard can assist in mitigating the threat of intimidating an auditor to provide an unfair opinion. In the second situation, the most appropriate safeguard will be rotation and reassignment of auditors from the assignment of audit in order to mitigate the threat of close relationships (familiarity threat). In relation to the third situation, the best safeguard to encounter self-interest threat is to select the auditors in such a way that the appointed auditor does not possess any financial or personal interest in the company. Moreover, an additional qualified professional can also be hired who does not possess any such interest, thereby providing an independent opinion (Kalpan Williams, 2013). In the last situation, involving an additional qualified individual to review the work will be the most effective safeguard because one cannot simply review his or her own work and provide an unbiased judgement. The first business risk is the risk of theft or fraud. Since MSL (Mining Supplies Ltd) purchases its goods from international markets; it has to send its mechanics to provide maintenance services to the customers for fulfilling the warranty criteria. Hence, the auditor to ascertain any effective steps undertaken by the company must assess the quantum of risk (Gilbert et. al, 2005). Furthermore, in association with the purchase of equipment, the auditor must evaluate whether insurance policies have been agreed to by the company to tackle such risk. The second business risk is the overstatement or understatement of the requirement of spare parts. Since spare parts arrive from distant places, proper assessment of the quantum of purchase is vital as it can result in disrupting the smooth flow of resources, thereby minimizing the quantum of purchased equipment (Heeler, 2009). Further, the company financials would depict a wrong figure due to such complication, thereby resulting in loss of competitive advantage in the market because the adequate quantum of equipment would not be prevalent to cater to customers needs. Besides, the amount of interest income that could have been gained in lieu of correct anticipation of demand of spare parts cannot happen. For the first risk, the auditor must examine whether company equipment and spare parts are covered under insurance agreements because carrying of spare parts to customers places can lead towards theft or fraud. Besides, the auditor must also take the cost influence of such insurance into consideration. Further, the auditor must also observe whether the company to gain from insurance claims conducts unethical activities. Lastly, since mobile contractors go far areas, the auditor can himself travel to customers place to evaluate the cost, and compare the same with that of mobile contractors, thereby safeguarding companys trust upon the auditor and falsification of facts (Heeler, 2009). In relation to the second risk, the auditor must take corrective actions to identify whether the products sale price needs to be depicted as an expense in P/L account or whether must be minimized by expenses of the spare parts. Moreover, the auditor must also scrutinize the maintenance contracts in order to determine what parts can be shown as expenses and vice-versa (Cappelleto, 2010). This is because wrongly stating expenses of spare parts as revenue can enhance the companys revenues, and vice-versa. References Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Gilbert, W. Joseph J Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting, Pearson Press Holland, K. Lane, J 2012, Perceived auditor independence and audit firm fees, Accounting and Business Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. pp.115-141. Kaplan, S. Williams, D 2013, Do going concern audit reports protect auditors from litigation? A simultaneous equations approach, The Accounting Review, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 199-232. Tepalagul, N. Lin, L 2015, Auditor Independence and Audit Quality A Literature Review, Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, vol. 30, no. 1, pp.101-121.

Abortion in U.S. free essay sample

History of abortion policy. Legal, ethical, medical, religious, social political issues, Roe v. Wade; pro-choice vs. pro-life positions. Abortion is one of the most controversial issues of modern times. Civilized societies rate the loss of human life as serious; unfortunately science has been unable to pinpoint definitively when life begins. Opponents of legalized abortion believe that human life begins at conception and that abortion is the intentional killing of a human being. These opponents, known as pro-life or right to life advocates, lobby in favor of the rights of the unborn. Opposing this position is the pro-choice stance which stresses the womans right to choose to continue or terminate a pregnancy. Pro-choice supporters also argue that legal abortion is safer than illegal abortion and relieves the psychological and social problems associated with bearing an unwanted child. Because the pro-life and pro-choice positions in America are sharply divided along political lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion in U.S. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Compare and Contrast Essay Writing

Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Here is a short information about 2 possible ways to write a compare and contrast essay. A comparison essay is an essay in which you either compare something or contrast something. To write a comparison essay that is easy to follow, first, decide what the similarities or differences are by writing lists on scrap paper. Which are more significant, the similarities or the differences? Plan to discuss the less significant first, followed by the more significant. It is much easier to discuss ONLY the similarities or ONLY the differences, but you can also do both. Experience a lack of time or inspiration?  Ask our writers for help  and you will get an  essay written to all your requirements. Then for organizing your comparison essay, choose one of the plans described below whichever best fits your list. Plan A: Use Plan A if you have many small similarities and/or differences. After your introduction, say everything you want to say about the first work or character, and then go on in the second half of the essay to say everything about the second work or character, comparing or contrasting each item in the second with the same item in the first. In this format, all the comparing or contrasting, except for the statement of your main point, which you may want to put in the beginning, goes on in the SECOND HALF of the piece. Plan B: Use Plan B if you have only a few, larger similarities or differences. After your introduction, in the next paragraph discuss one similarity or difference in BOTH works or characters, and then move on to the next paragraph to the second similarity or difference in both, then the third, and so forth, until youre done. If you are doing both similarities and differences, juggle them on scrap paper so that in each part you put the less important first (X and Y are both alike in their social positions . . .), followed by the more important (but X is much more aware of the dangers of his position than is Y). In this format, the comparing or contrasting goes on in EACH of the middle parts. Now, when you know the  possible ways of comparing and contrasting, lets check out our list of compare and contrast essay topics: 30 TOP Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Need an essay?   offers all essay types on different topics. Place an order now to get your essay on time.

EXPLORING WORKING CLASS CULTURE Experience, Representation and Change Essay

EXPLORING WORKING CLASS CULTURE Experience, Representation and Change - Essay Example The proposal is made stating that working class culture can be understood by knowing and appreciating working class experiences in fields such as history, literature, cinema and soccer. This paper seeks to determine whether this approach is able to provide a single unifying thread common to all forms of working class culture which would help greatly in understanding its nature and form. Class experiences in literature and soccer are explored and analyzed on whether they shed light on the working class phenomenon. Can we find working class identity in the portrayals contained in literature? Working class identity is often associated with a person’s economic condition. Members of the working class are said to be those who produce the enormous wealth of capitalists and of nations but received only a small part of that wealth as wages. As Arbor (1994) had put it, they are the workers (slave, free, immigrants, locals, men and women) who share a common place of production with little control over the pace, content and products of their work and are not anyone’s boss. Working class culture and its members are considered almost diametrically opposed to high culture associated with the elite. Nonetheless, confining working class identity to economic conditions is limited as it also includes lived experiences, expectations, legacies and set of relationships. In retrospect, one cannot establish find a single discreet identity in working class culture but would instead find an uneasy and unstable amalgam of hybrid and fluid multiple identities. Working class literature and soccer involvement serves to illuminate those experiences, relationships and diversity by revealing the intricate world of class experience as it is lived by working class people. Will an analysis of the class experience narrated in working class literature and involvement in soccer

Market Trend Analysis For Art Gallery Research Paper

Market Trend Analysis For Art Gallery - Research Paper Example Market trends reports show that there is a growing demand for Chinese art pieces and the million dollar auction graph for 2010 reflects 401in the US to 491 in China. Thus in keeping with the trend of buyer demand for works from artisans from China, the gallery should plan for a theme exhibition which would showcase local and foreign talent. The media mix should include advertising and promotion by newspapers, the internet and local radio shows. The art industry is forecasted to continue to revive in the coming years with more focus on private sales and smaller auctions. The use of vertical co-operative advertising would help in keeping the advertising budget at minimum. The use promotional sales by giving loyalty discounts to repeat customers, awarding bonus points for referrals, help in getting patronage and increase the volume of footfalls into the gallery. The gallery should also retain the local focus by showcasing one local talent in the week which proves germane to pulling in s upporters and providing deeper market reach.The prime competitors would be the multitudes of galleries with established clientele which abound the area around Dragon street and thus there has to consistent effort to develop and maintain a loyal customer base. The Cameron Gallery, HCG gallery and others which grace the design district of Dallas are competitors for our gallery and the primary mode of competition is divertive in nature and thus the gallery needs to focus on its USP and build a niche for itself in the competition.

Intro to criminal justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Intro to criminal justice - Coursework Example The Exclusionary rule prevents the government from using evidence obtained in a violation of the constitution of the United States. This applies to evidence gained from illegal search and seizure. Furthermore, the court may not apply the rule to exclude illegally acquired evidence where the cost of exclusion outweighs the deterrent benefits. An example is Herring Vs United States of 2009 in which officers in a coffee county arrested petitioner Herring based on a warrant listed in the neighboring Dale county database. A search carried out by the police yielded drugs and gun. However it was later revealed that the warrant had been recalled several months earlier. There is also the case of Arizona VS Evans of 1995. The other cases include Weeks Vs United States in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the seizure of items without warrant from a private residence is a violation of the constitution. There is as well the case of Davis Vs United States of 2011, the Escobedo Vs Illinois and finally the case of Mapp Vs Ohio of 1961. It referrers to a situation where a police officer who is suspicious of an individual temporarily detains the person and moves his hands lightly over the suspects outer clothing to find out if the person is carrying a concealed weapon. If the police officer feels something that seems to be weapon, the police may then reach inside the victims clothing. Some of the cases that have been associated with stop and frisk in the Supreme Court are include the case of Terry Vs Ohio of the 1968. The case came up when a police officer observed three individuals engaging in a conduct suggestive of robbery. He approached them patted one of them and got a gun. Other cases include the United States Vs Place of 1983, United States Vs Montoya de Hernandez of 1985 and Michigan Vs Chesternut of 1991. Motor vehicle search may only be done under some narrowed circumstances. For example only after the

European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights Introduction The purpose of litigation at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), is to examine alleged violations and ensure that States Parties comply with their obligations under the Convention, providing individual applicants with effective remedies and just satisfaction under Articles 13 and 41 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The wider objective is to protect and embed locally the three CoE foundation stones; liberal pluralist democracy, human rights and the rule of law to effect structural and institutional change and create a common democratic and legal area throughout the whole of the continent. Yet comprised of 47 member states and 811 million citizens, the CoE inhabits a fundamentally different territorial scope to that in May 1949. Originally a social and ideological counterpart to NATO, it has undergone a central shift in its core modus operandi from an interstate process of protecting the democratic identity of Member States through the medium of human rights to its emerging front line role as an arbiter of liberal human rights through the medium of individual petition. Considerable problems that threaten to undermine what has been achieved over the fifty years during which the Convention has operated lead one to ask whether there is any point taking such cases at all. This brief essay is split in two sections. Section one analyses the tripartite problem outlined within PACE Resolution 1226 (2000); the inadequate clarity and casuistical nature of Court judgements, characterised by doctrinal uncertainty in the margin of appreciation; the systemic non-implementation of judgments and failure to employ necessary reforms that would avoid further violations, with a case study of the Russian Federation; and a critique of the insufficient rigour and failure of the Committee of Ministers (CoM) to exert enough pressure when supervising the execution of judgments. Section two, explores the central debate between individual and constitutional justice; and the potential impact Protocol 14 may have on the asphyxiating6] Court and CoM. Finally I assess the accomplishments of Strasbourg litigation before returning positively to our initial question with a passionate case for individual petition against the backdrop of a tide of human rights abuse in post-communist accession Europe; the utility of the Interlaken proposals; and preservation of the Human Rights Act 1998. Section One: Problems Theoretical Fault Lines: An Unprincipled Margin The extent to which there is any point to Strasbourg litigation is determined in the first instance by the extent to which the Court can effectively balance its role as a supranational judicial guarantor of liberal individualist human rights, within the CoE framework of upholding and deferring to the thread of pluralist democracy; an intrinsically collective ideal. For McHarg, Strasbourg jurisprudence is characterised by the absence of a conceptual framework integrating a preferable rights model with a defensible conception of the public interest. Greer agrees, highlighting unresolved normative, institutional, and adjudicative questions, and the failure of the Court to deliver a concrete body of jurisprudence and constitutional authority. The result formulaic, thin decisions and un-ordered interpretive principles, at best devaluing Convention rights and at worst denying them. This dichotomy is played out through the margin of appreciation doctrine; the latitude given to States Parties based on their better position with the facts on the ground. ECHR protections are not absolute, but relative; they are subject to exceptions permitting infringement of the fundamental right or freedom, specifically defined within paragraph two of Articles 8-11; and under Article 15 (A15) can be erased altogether to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. These express definitional restrictions remind us of Bentham; this, we see, is saying nothing: it leaves the law just as free and unfettered as it found it. Strict judicial interpretation and objectivity are critical to the defence of Convention rights in the context of these exceptions. The flexibility of the margin is for Waldock advantageous to the evolutive nature of Strasbourg Jurisprudence, and for Dr Arai-Takahashi value pluralism being the fundamental prerequisite and virtue of a liberal democratic society, a set of standardised rules would devalue regional legitimacy and richness of cultural values and traditions among member states. The CoE is clear in its aim to promote awareness and encourage the development of Europes cultural identity and diversity.That Convention rights are relative is a moot point for realist theorists, since States Parties would never have been willing to be bound by the Convention in the first place without safeguarding their democratic sovereignty. Yet McHarg notes the paradox in a legal scheme which is supposed to protect the individual against the collective, sanctioning limitations to rights on collective grounds. How far in practice does the ECtHR go towards fulfilling the supervisory function it refers to in Handyside v UK (1976)? To what extent does Osts assertion that there is never an unchallengeable margin hold true? McHarg talks of doctrinal uncertainty while Jones points out that even the Courts president has acknowledged the justification to some extent of criticism of the doctrines lack of precision and use without principled standards. Fiercer critics lambast the abdication of the Courts enforcement responsibility. Dembour questions if Convention rights are so full of contradictions that they are useless? It is intrinsic to the dichotomy between international individual rights protections and the national collective interest that the margin of appreciation occupies a middle position between subjectivity and objectivity; between a burden of proof firmly on the government on one hand and on the other of wide deference to it. In Lawless v. Ireland (1961), Waldock asserted: a Governments discharge of responsibilities is a problem of appreciating complex factors and balancing conflicting considerations of the public interest; once the Court is satisfied that the appreciation is on the margin the interest the public itself has in effective Government and maintenance of order justifies and requires a decision in favour of the legality of the Governments appreciation; Simpson saw this reflecting an implicit determination to back the authorities. Dembour and Jones respective assessments of further A15 derogations demonstrate consistently deferential applications of the margin, and reluctance to objectively scrutinise the existence of an emergency or of the measures implemented to tackle it. In Greece v. United Kingdom (1958), the Commission argued that the assessment whether or not a public danger threatening the life of the nation existed is a question of appreciation; determining the validity of the repressive measures employed, the UK government enjoyed a certain discretion. Such a position is clearly evident in Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978), confirmed in Brannigan v. McBride (1993), both concerning A15 derogations of Article 5 with regard to the detention of suspects in Ireland. Several problems arise from the rationale employed in these cases. Dembour draws our attention to the absence of a factually and theoretically strict analysis impossible to justify in human rights terms. Indeed, the inevitability of a wide margin in the context of A15 derogations, led Judge Martens to assert that there is no justification for leaving a wide margin because the Court, being the last resort protector, is called upon to strictly scrutinise every derogation. Jones contends a state of emergency objectively determinable if a national government has evidence of such a situation, he asks why this is not capable of assessment by an international Court? Implementation: A pessimistic view is well founded Strasbourg jurisprudence has demonstrated the capability of the Court to robustly uphold Convention rights from major shows of arbitrariness, ensuring a degree of justice for applicants and families, international attention, accountability in relation to serious violations, and domestic legislative change. Notwithstanding the significance of such supranational decisions, analysis of the pending caseload (some 116,800 cases in October 2009), reveals a Court facing unsustainable pressure from repetitive cases concerned with structural problems in civil, criminal and administrative proceedings; serious pervasive human rights abuses; and unacceptable delays in the implementation of judgements. Implementation remains the Achilles heel of the Convention system, A brief case study of Russia underscores the gravity of the situation. It is the irony of history that the Russian Federation now occupies a key position in the very organisation established to provide European unity and security in the face of Soviet communism. Comprising 27.3% (31,850) of all pending applications at the ECtHR, the Medvedev Government faces protracted challenges in its attempts to develop civil and economic freedoms ending the legal nihilism that is seriously hindering modern development. I write following the death in Butyrka prison of Sergei Magnitsky, an anti-corruption lawyer acting for HSBC / Hermitage Capital in the $230m tax fraud case. This case and the ongoing second Khordokovsky trial are emblematic of structural defects in the Russian criminal justice system and procuratura that have lead to the accusation and incarceration of many innocent persons. Other important cases demonstrate the gravity of the situation, including Gusinskiy v Russia, Ilascu and Others v Moldova and Russia, the first six Chechen cases, Shamayev and 12 others v Russia and Georgia and Aleksanyan v Russia. Leutheusser-Schnarrenbergers recent PACE report on politically motivated abuses of the criminal justice system is a powerful indictment of the failure of the Russian Federation to entrench a meaningful institutional framework that engages with the rule of law. The report highlights a multi-layered problematic of political and hierarchical vectors of pressure on judges to secure convictions; retrogressive legislative proposals that call into questions Putins implementation of jury trial; the endemic failure to safeguard defence lawyers from coercion and realise a truly independent objective procedure for their selection and quality; serious investigative flaws; and unremitting legal nihilism. The systemic pervasive abuse of human rights in Chechnya represents perhaps the most serious Convention violations. It is here that PACE and the CoM face their most urgent challenges. Bowring draws our attention to the recent memorandum on the North Caucasus, exposing violations by security forces, including enforced disappearances, torture, extrajudicial executions; and impunity for these violations of international law; while Leach candidly outlines the scope and extent of the crisis; the first Chechen cases demonstrate the real limitations of the individual rights mechanism of the European Court as a forum for resolving wide scale, systemic and serious human rights violations. In his recent visit to Birkbeck College, Leach vividly underscored the paradoxical and lamentable and legally unsatisfactory problem of non-disclosure (ND) of domestic case files, in spite of repeated requests made by the Court. 33 of the 37 Chechen judgments have been characterised by this problem, notably Basayeva and Others v. Russia and Bitayeva and X v. Russia and Isayeva, Yusopova and Bazayeva v. Russia. The Court in Bazorkina v. Russia pointed out that documents of the criminal investigation are fundamental to the establishment of the facts and their absence may prejudice the Courts proper examination of the compliant both at the admissibility and merits stage. Chechnya aside, Leach identifies a further threefold problem of implementation vis-Ã  -vis Russia, confirmed in Pourgourides 2008 CLAHR Report; deficient judicial review over pre-trial detention, resulting in excessive periods of detention and overcrowding; the Nadzor procedure supervisory review of final judicial dec isions; and the urgent complex problem of the non-enforcement of domestic judicial decisions against the state In the context of these problems, can there be any hope for optimism? Bowring draws our attention to the often ignored historical context which has characterised Russia as part of a long and complex relationship with human rights and with the rule of law and judicial independence, which are its essential underpinning. It is in this context he argues that the ECHR, rather than an alien implantis to a large extent a restoration of the reforms of the 1860s. Ghorkova contends current legal reforms and the creation of the rule of law and a civil society with the appropriate structures and mechanisms to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as the participation in the activities of the Council of Europe, are wholly in line with Russian Interests. Behind Russias posturing is, according to Bowring a serious engagement with international law its commitment in terms of diplomatic and financial resources is substantial; and compliance with its obligations indeed, in 2007 the ECtHR heard 192 complaints against Russia. Russia won just 6 and paid in full the orders for compensation in every case. In addition, in a wider sense, Leach points out the pre-eminent position of the CoE vis-Ã  -vis Russia in view of the inability of the United Nations effectively to sanction Russia over human rights abuses, and as a result of Russian suspicion about the motives and aims of the OSCE. Entrenching the rule of law in Russia will be a slow process. However, the mechanisms for its success are at least in legislative terms visible. It is my contention that through the work of the CoE and ECtHR, the Russian Federation will make a true engagement with human rights. As we shall explore below, the right of individual petition is an essential part of this process. It is easy to dismiss the Court as having failed in its mission when confronted by the ongoing abuses of rights in Russia. Yet this depends on how one defines success. From Systemic Individual Justice to an Abstract Constitutional identity The critical mass of applications lodged coupled with systemic non implementation of Court judgements has led Wildhaber to a paradoxical observation; that the quantum leap in recognising the individual as a subject of international law, has reduced the capability of the ECtHR to ensure the safeguarding of the individual from violations of Convention rights. That the Courts well noted asphyxiation is intrinsically related to the right of individual recourse is clear. De Vries April 2009 CLAHR Report lays bare the unsustainable increase in applications, principally in the wake of post-communist accession, underscoring the urgent need to tackle obviously inadmissible cases; repetitive cases that concern established systemic defects; and to concentrate on the most important cases. The inferences drawn from these stark figures have been decisive shaping proposals to ameliorate the crisis; but moreover reveal the wider battle for the soul of the ECHR borne out of competing understandings of the Courts function. The crippling application rate is for Greer emblematic of the intrinsic failure of the CoE structure to systematically deliver individual justice; intrinsic since individual recourse is a flawed paradigm. Foremost, the Convention system was, according to Greer, simply not designed as a conduit for the fulfilment of individual human rights through the medium of individual petition, but rather the protection of democratic identity through the medium of human rights. Its contemporary utility is thus encouraging European public organisational, legal and ideological parity though articulation of an abstract constitutional model member states should then apply. Greer goes on to cast doubt over the possibility of the ability of the Convention system to deliver systematic justice to every applicant, concluding that given this individual justice becomes arbitrary. Finally, he argues that where cases are adjudicated in favour of the applicant, they are often hollow victories marked by symbolic rather than instrumental awards of just satisfaction, but beyond that little else. Consequentially he argues the urgent need to that the cases the Court does select for adjudication represent the most serious Convention compliance problems in Europe, and that they are settled with maximum authority and impact. Wildhaber agrees, the need for the Court to concentrate its efforts on decisions of principle However, for Sir Stephen Sedley, the proposal to introduce a discretion to refuse to entertain cases which are legally admissible is a counsel of despair; to do this would be to abandon the Courts crucial role, which is not that of a Supreme Court, but that of a tribunal of last resort for citizens of non-compliant states. This, he argues may be attractive to judges but is less attractive to citizens of sates which persistently or systematically fail to observe the convention. And this is less attractive still in light of the concern that amendments to the admissibility criteria will restrict the right of individuals to seek redress at the European Court, without ade quately tackling the problem of the increasing number of Convention violations across Europe. Conclusion: Why Bother? Camerons renewed pledge to repatriate the Human Rights Act (1998) (HRA) with a British bill of rights to better tailor, but also strengthen, the protection of our core rights may soon be a reality. DPP Kier Starmer has made an impassioned defence of the HRA and broad impact of Convention jurisprudence on the CPS: the common law sometimes struggles with a coherent approach to human rights; the Human Rights Act is an essential component of the framework within which everyones rights may be protected. The ECHR has shored up the right to a fair trial in the UK, the CPS underscoring the relationship between Article 6 and its work securing the fairness of trial proceedings in criminal proceedings. It was central to the development of PACE (1984), ensuring formality of interrogation and ending miscarriages of justice through uncorroborated evidence. Regina v Fulling (1987) demonstrates the efficacy of PACE safeguards against evidence collected under oppression, contrary to the ECHR; the meaning of the term (oppression) reflects the wording of Article 3. Starmer underscores the positive obligation on the state to take reasonable steps to protect potential victims from a real and immediate risk to their lives from criminal activity. When they (victims) unfortunately acquire that status, they have the right to an effective investigation. These are rights that spring from the Human Rights Act, not rights that conflict with it. Critically, they are now enforceable in court. Through the application of the ECHR, challenges may be made under Section 78 PACE as to the admissibility of the evidence obtained; and victims have the right to challenge decisions not to prosecute, particularly where they can point to poor decision-making or inappropriate consideration of irrelevant factors in that process. The HRA is central to legal certainty and transparency, and development of a modern public prosecution service prosecuting firmly and fairly, in an open, transparent and independent way; supporting victims and witnesses by enabling, encouraging and supporting their effective participation at all stages in the criminal justice process; and a commitment to respect and protect the human rights of all those affected by our decisions, whether they be victims, witnesses, suspects or defendants. Klug demonstrates the tangible protection of freedom under the Human Rights Act in sixteen important areas; freedom of association; private and family life; freedom of expression and the media; terrorism; torture; jurisdiction in Iraq; protecting the right to life; investigations into deaths; marriage; asylum seekers; disability; mental health; restraint of young people in secure training centres; sexual orientation; race; and gender. A few examples of Case law in these areas make a powerful case for Strasbourg litigation. A and others v UK (2009) held that the incarceration of suspected international terrorists under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 without charge or trial was disproportionate and discriminated on the ground of nationality or immigration status. In R (H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal, the rights of those detained under the Mental Health Act (1983) were bolstered by the shifting burden of proof for continued detention onto the health authority. Prisoners rights have been enhanced, including the granting of voting rights in Goldberg and Others v. Minister of Prisons (1979); the freedom from censorship of correspondence, in Silver and Others v. UK (1980); and changes to cell policies following the racist murder of a prisoner in R (Amin) v SSHD (2003). R (Baiai) v SSHD (2008) was important ensuring the sacrosanct right to marry under Article 12 was free from discrimination on the grounds of immigration status. Leach, in his recent visit to Birkbeck College drew attention to the heart-rending fact finding missions in Anchora in the early 1990s, highlighting serious pervasive violations of the Kurdish minority in South East Turkey. The deplorable case of Aydin v. Turkey (2005) is emblematic of the effect of individual petition and its fundamental importance to the effective protection of the substantive rights and freedoms provided for in the Convention. It is perhaps through this significant programme of litigation, setting key standards in violations of Articles 2, 3 and 5, and delivering access to justice to those most vulnerable and marginalised members of society that the true point of litigation in Strasbourg is made. For those in the North Caucuses, 2009 has been a frightful year, symbolised by the death in Grozny in July of Natalia Estimirova, followed a month later by Zarema Sadulayeva and Alik Dzhabrailov. Through the delivery of constitutional justice those most vulnerable people whose voices so desperately need to be heard will be cut off from the most advanced international system for protecting civil and political liberties. Barkhuysen and Emmerick contend that the Courts constitutional legitimacy and moral authority are derived through providing legal protection to individuals by breaking the State Partys sovereignty. This unique achievement, unprecedented in international must be defended. It is here that the point of Strasbourg litigation is to be found.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization :: essays research papers

North Atlantic Treaty Organization World War II had created stained relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. This created a state of undeclared war, that would last for nearly 50 years. Although the threat of nuclear devastation hovered over the people of the United States, a new program was created to provide a "Partnership for Peace" between countries with like views to ban together against the Soviet Union. Complications in the more or less alliance of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union the has appeared at the Yalta and Postdam conferences in 1945, especially in regard to the future of Poland. The Soviet Union had annexed the independent Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and after the war quickly took under control almost all of Eastern Europe. The last straw was the communist takeover of the Czechoslovakia in 1948. This created the immediate need for the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. On April 4, 1949, four years after W.W.II this plan for "Partnership for Peace" was brought to action. In Washington, DC, twelve countries signed into alliance in one of the most important international actions of "The Cold War". The twelve countries that signed into the North Atlantic Treat Organization were; the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Iceland, and Portugal. The North Atlantic Treaty itself contained a preamble and 14 articles. Of course the North Atlantic Treaty is more formal then how I am going ot explain it but this is to give you the main ideas of the composition of the treaty. Preamble: The Parties to this treaty reaffirm their faith. Article 1: Settle all international disputes which they may be involved in must be resolved in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice are not endangered. Article 2: Promote conditions of stability and well being. Article 3: By means of continuous and effective self help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack. Article 4: The Parties will consult together whenever the opinion of any of them is threatened. Article 5: "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one of more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all." Article 6: For the purpose of article 5 on any of the Parties will result in an armed attack on the territory of the treaty breaker.

Memory Experiment

Seth Dennison and Jenna Snyder John Bryan Psychology of Gender 104 10/31/2012 Psychological Gender Experiment For our psychological gender experiment we chose to focus on the topic of memory differences between genders. At first we wanted to figure out if one gender had a better memory than the other, but then we also wanted to observe whether or not their memory showed better results when the objects were related to their gender.Therefore, the hypothesis we constructed was: If we group together gender related items, then that specific gender will memorize those items more than the other items, furthermore we predict that females will have a better memory than males. The design of our experiment consisted of randomly selecting participants from the ages of 18 and over who were hanging out at a sit down area next to Chipotle and Starbucks in Menifee.The experimental group was split into two parts: the male items and the female items, while the control group had non-specific gender ite ms. For the experiment we used a tray to place the items on, 15 non-specific gender items, 5 female related items and 5 male related items, as well as a towel to cover the items and pens and paper for the participants to write their results on. The way we assigned groups was by rotating the items after every two participants; in the case of a group of 2 or more people we would switch the items right after.The participants did not know that we would switch the items around and they were not aware that we had a bag full of different items. When we approached the participants we would ask them if they would take part in our project, then we explained the procedure of the ‘memory test’ and if they said yes we would escort them over to our table where they would write down their gender and age at the top of their paper and wait to start. Once the participants stated that they were ready, Seth started the timer while Jenna lifted the towel to display the items.We allowed the participants to have 45 seconds to memorize as many items as possible and once the time was up Jenna covered up the items while Seth started the 1 minute timer followed by the both of us watching the participants to make sure no one was cheating. During the one minute, the participants had to write down as many of the items that they remembered as possible. Once they were done we allowed them to view the items one more time so that they could see which items they remembered and which ones they forgot.After gathering the data from 24 participants we had 13 female participants and 11 male participants. In comparison of the experimental groups it was generally more common for woman to have the better memory. From the results gathered from the participants females on average would remember 11. 6, or 77%, of the items. On the other hand males on average would remember 11 of the items, or 73%. When it came to gender specific items females held an average of 3. 4 out of 5 items for feminin e items, or 68%, which is 9% lower then their overall average score.Males held an average of 2. 1/5 items for masculine items or 42%, which is 31% lower then their overall average. Though it is something to consider that the condom was almost always an item remembered among males. From the results we gathered our hypothesis was only half correct. Woman do have the better memory, even though it is a small margin. However it seems it does not matter if the items were related to the specific gender as the percentage of the time that those were specifically remembered were actually lower then each genders' overall score.

Fences: African American and Troy Essay

In 1987, August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† was a part of his Pittsburg Cycle of dramas of the 20th Century. These plays were used to â€Å"examine important elements of African American experiences† (Gardner 1331). The symbolisms in the play are used to tell the late life story of Troy Maxon and his relationship with family. From the start of the play, there is conflict and foreshadowing that shows Troy’s own belief that he has failed in life and that the world did not give him what he deserved. He believes that he has to venture outside of his family to find relief. At the start of the play, Wilson takes the audience into the seemingly happy life of Troy Maxon. The author then makes it clear that he felt like a failure and was not happy. The first symbol that is seen is the difference between the white people and the black people. Troy takes a stand and asks why black people never get to drive the trash trucks. Most of his coworkers believe that he will be fired. This theme of not being appreciated and believing that something is not enough is seen through all the symbols used in this drama. A second symbol seen is sports and dreams of the future. Troy had been in the Negro League and played baseball until he was over 40 years old. The problem presents itself when Troy is overlooked by the recently desegregated professional baseball league because of his age. His dreams of playing for the professional white league were smashed, and he believed that he had nothing to show his worth in the later years. This defeat in his career also defeated Troy mentally. From then on, he saw his family and his life as a failure that he wanted to escape from, yet he could not shake the feeling of responsibility to them. Troy’s first son, Lyons, is accepted by Troy. Lyons is a failure in Troy’s eyes and so Troy believes that Cory is no better than him. Lyons wants to be a musician, but he is not very successful. Troy sees Lyons failure in music career to be equivalent to his failure to get into the professional league. He believes that his son will eventually take an unskilled job and end up just like his father. In the last scene of the play it is revealed that Lyons did end up defeated, but not to the extent of his father. His love of music still lived and he was still pursuing his dream. Unlike his son Lyon, Troy’s feeling of failure is evident in his relationship with his son, Cory. Cory is an excellent football player, and yet, Troy refuses to acknowledge his son’s ability even when he is recruited by a college. Troy will not let Cory succeed where he failed and refuses to let Cory go to college on a football scholarship. In Act 1, Scene 3, Cory asks Troy â€Å"How come you ain’t never liked me? † (Wilson 1075). Troy is angry at this question and tells Cory that â€Å"†¦it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you! † (Wilson 1076). However, even before this it is obvious that Troy sees Cory as nothing but an annoyance that continues until the final scene, when Cory arrives for Troy’s funeral. Troy’s relationship with his wife Rose is an unfaithful one. He is constantly stating that there is no better woman or wife, yet he has an affair with Alberta. Through this diversity, Rose is eventually presented as a model of the strong African American woman. She has given her life to Troy, and yet he has an affair with Alberta. He explains the affair as a way to ignore the responsibilities of his failed life. This aggravates Rose because he has never taken her feelings, wants or needs into consideration. Troy continues to be married to Rose, but also continues his affair with Alberta while Rose knows about the whole thing. Rose even accepts the call from the hospital when Alberta dies while giving birth. The full strength of Rose is not shown until Troy brings home his love child. He asks Rose to help him raise her. Rose’s response shows the intensity of her strength. She says, â€Å"From right now†¦this child got a mother. But you is a womanless man† (Wilson 1099). Rose makes it apparent that this child will have as good a life as Rose can give her and she will show no animosity or jealousy towards the child. Troy, on the other hand, will have the responsibility of the child, Rose, Lyons, and Cory while receiving nothing in return. Throughout all these trials, the fence is essential in the explanation of Troy’s life. Rose had requested the fence, and it symbolized her family being held together. The fact that Troy never really worked on the fence showed that he was not in love with Rose, but felt a responsibility to her. He wanted his freedom and the fence symbolized his imprisonment. The symbol of the fence throughout this play connects everything back to the fact that Troy Maxon was unhappy with his life, and felt as if he were a failure. He felt no real responsibility to Lyons, hence their relationship was better. Troy was jealous of Cory and reminded of his failures by Rose. Wilson used the fence to tell this story. It was not just a story of a life seen as a failure, but a look into the mind and thoughts of an African American man of the 1950s. Works Cited Wilson, August. Fences. Literature: A Portable Anthology. Ed. Janet E. Gardner, 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012. 1053-1111. Print. Gardner, Janet, Beverly Lawn, Jack Ridl, Peter Schakel, eds. Literature: A Portable Anthology. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. Print.

The Best Jobs for Recent College Graduates

The Best Jobs for Recent College Graduates it’s rough entering  the job market after college these days, and a rough market regardless. candidates with experience are almost universally privileged in the hiring process. it can take a while to find your opening and grab it. that said, recent grads have the advantage of being (usually) single and flexible. you might consider moving across the country for a job, where someone more entrenched would not. if you’re that flexible, consider the states on this list, by field, where recent grads and gen y-ers will have the best luck getting a great gig.industry: airlinepossible jobs: engineering (aerospace, flight, electrical, mechanical design, etc.), pilot, customer service rep, officer, flight attendant, pricing analystbest place to be: minnesota. younger workers in their  20s  make up a much larger percentage of the work force there, and the median annual salary for employees of this age group wasn’t any lower.industry: ambulatory health carepossible jobs : physical therapy, personal training, dental hygienist, case manager, office manager, pa.best place to be: connecticut, with median salaries for employees under 30 at 21% above the national average.industry: bankingpossible jobs: teller, assistant branch manager, analyst, customer service rep, loan officerbest place to be: utahindustry: beverage and tobacco marketingpossible jobs: account manager, sales manager/rep, event coordinator, financial analyst, designer, marketing managerbest place to be: new york. try first at pepsico and phillip morris.industry: broadcasting (tv/radio)possible jobs: account executive, advertising film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, reporter, producer-director, radio show host, etc.best place to be: new york. try: viacom, cbs, nbc, abc, fox, turner broadcasting, or mtv.industry: clothing and accessoriespossible jobs: assistant buyer, designer, assistant designer, retail department manager, graphic artist/designer, retail salesbest place to be: new yorkindustry: computer and electronic manufacturingpossible jobs: electrical or mechanical engineer, film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, software developer/programmerbest place to be: virginia. try qimonda, micron technology, and genesic.industry: constructionpossible jobs: manager, commercial estimator, marketing coordinator, project engineer, staff accountantbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: educationpossible jobs: admissions counselor, elementary school teacher, financial aid counselor, high school teacher, non-profit program coordinator, special education teacher, teacher’s assistantbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: electrical, appliance, and component equipment manufacturingpossible jobs: account manager, sales, customer service rep, electrical or mechanical or manufacturing engineer, inside sales rep, operations manager, outside sales rep, sales engineerbest place to be: new jersey. try tyco, cn burman, sea gull, and griffith electric supply.industry: executive, legislative, and other general government supportpossible jobs: accountant, administrative assistant, auditor, cpa, financial or intelligence analyst, senior tax accountant, software engineer, developer/programmer, staff accountant, data entry specialistbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: servicepossible jobs: barista, cashier, supervisor, restaurant manager, marketing, grocery staff accountantbest place to be: new york. the higher-end the place, the better your paycheck.industry: funds, trusts, etc.possible jobs: benefits or business or research analyst, financial/securities/investment analyst, fund accountant, pension administration, staff accountantbest place to be: massachusetts. surprising though it may be. try watson wyatt worldwide, putnam investments, fidelity investments, and harvard management first.industry: heavy and civil engineering constructionpossible jobs: accountant, administrative assistant, civil engineer, financial analyst, mechanical engineer, petroleum engineer, project engineer, staff accountantbest place to be: utah. try questar!industry: hospitalspossible jobs: rn, medical/clinical laboratory tech, occupational therapist, physical therapist, pabest place to be: nevadaindustry: hotelspossible jobs: assistant general manager, front desk clerk, guest services manager, night auditor, sales manager, shift managerbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: internet service providers, web search, and data processingpossible jobs: graphic artist/designer, marketing coordinator, it project manager, web developer, software engineer, web designer developerbest place to be: maryland. try bay broadband communications and comcast.industry: legal services, accounting, and scientific researchpossible jobs: paralegal/legal assistant, certified public accountant (cpa), civil engineer, graphic artist/designer, information technology (it) consultant, interior designer, staff accountantbest place to be: washingto n,  d.c. try booz allen hamilton, corporate executive board, ibm, bearingpoint, accenture, and sra internationalindustry: miscellaneous manufacturingpossible jobs: biomedical or manufacturing or medical device quality engineer, biotech research associatebest place to be: nevada. try international game technology and aristocrat technologies.industry: museums, historic sites, etc.possible jobs: art gallery curator, graphic artist/designer, program coordinator, recreation coordinator, special events coordinator, zookeeperbest place to be: new yorkindustry: national security and international affairspossible jobs: aerospace engineer, contract administrator, electrical engineer, financial or intelligence analyst, mechanical or software engineerbest place to be: massachusetts. try raytheon in waltham and general dynamics in quincy.industry: oil and gas extractionpossible jobs: accountant, chemical engineer, financial analyst, mechanical engineer, oil gas landman, petroleum engineer, an d geologistbest place to be: utah. try questar and chevron. or louisiana as an alternative.industry: online publishingpossible jobs: copy editor, graphic artist/designer, news reporter, software engineer/developer/programmer, web designerbest place to be: new york. try nytimes.com, yahoo!, aol, and fox interactive.industry: performing arts, spectator sports, etc.possible jobs: copy editor, event coordinator, executive assistant, film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, marketing coordinator, producer-director, tv/cable broadcast, special events managerbest place to be: new yorkindustry: pharmaceutical/chemical manufacturingpossible jobs: chemical or mechanical engineer, biotech research associate, research scientist, pharmaceutical sales representativebest place to be: maryland. try otsuka maryland medicinal laboratories, bowles fluidics, and millennium inorganic chemicals.industry: print publishingpossible jobs: assistant editor, copy editor, editorial assistant, graphic artist/ designer, managing editor, marketing coordinator, newspaper reporter, software engineerbest place to be: washingtonindustry: securities, commodity contracts, financial investmentspossible jobs: associate in investment banking, banking analyst, financial/securities/investments analyst, financial adviser, fund accountantbest place to be: new yorkindustry: social workpossible jobs: case manager, child care/day care worker, child, family, or school social worker, director, child care, nanny or au pair preschool teacher, (not special education) program coordinator, nonprofit organization social workerbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: sporting goods, hobby, book, and music storespossible jobs: customer service rep, store department manager, graphic artist/designer, inside sales representative, marketing coordinator, retail sales associate/assistant manager/manager, and wholesale and retail buyerbest place to be: new jersey. try toys ‘r’ us, sports authority, hein o’s sky cycle, barnes noble.industry: transportation equipment manufacturingpossible jobs: aerospace engineer, electrical engineer, financial analyst, industrial engineer, manufacturing engineer, manufacturing process engineer, mechanical design engineer, mechanical engineer, product development engineer, automotive senior mechanical engineerbest place to be: maryland. try alcore.

Growing up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Growing up - Essay Example Actually, in that year nobody visited him in jail until when his daughter died. Furthermore, it is even apparent that Sonny resulted to drugs out of alienation. These are some of the dire consequences of alienation, as one finds nobody to share their worries and hence resulting to other unethical treads. It is a bitter story how alienation led Sonny to drug addiction. Moreover, we understand from the story that upon the death of Sonny’s mother, his brother sought Sonny’s upkeep from his fiancee Isabel's family while he is at war. Nevertheless, this aggravated Sonny’ alienation as Sonny and Isabel's middle-class family clashed out of lack of understanding. The feeling of not belonging to a certain family for a child is detrimental and parents and relatives should take time to understand the children to evade acts of desperation that result from alienation. The Isabel family could not understand his passion for music and engagement with musicians of all races. Beca use of the feeling of alienation, Sonny runs away from Isabel family to join the Navy. Significantly, the author establishes the fact that the drugs, segregation, violence, and discrimination alienate Sonny from realizing their full potential. Indeed the author quotes, "They were growing up with a rush and their heads bumped abruptly against the low ceiling of their actual possibilities. They were filled with rage. All they really knew were two darkness’s, the darkness of their lives, which was now closing in on them, and the darkness of the movies, which had blinded them to that other darkness, and in which they now, vindictively, dreamed, at once more together than they were at any other time, and more .† (Baldwin 72-73). As such, lack of understanding can propagate alienation among children who are growing up. The adverse effects of alienation are equally unquestionable. In the story, "The Things They carried," the aspect of alienation in growing up comes up. Tim O'B rien, the narrator tells of alienation that he and other young soldiers go through in and out of war. The author notes that the young soldiers go to war unprepared, with fear and confusion that they cannot tell to anyone hence the alienation. The narrator tells of terrible memories in the war front where soldiers died, others got injuries yet nobody would acre to listen to such stories. Indeed, out of this alienation, the narrator sought to flee to Canada to avoid going to war. However, a lodge owner seeks to dilute his feeling of alienation and convinces the narrator to return to his obligations. As such, it is clear that we can curb alienation upon getting reasonable advice. In addition, the narrator states that soldiers face alienation through injustices, unethical practices muted on them at the war zone. This reflects where nobody understands his or her knowledge, tribulation, and difficult memories. Indeed, the author quotes, â€Å"They become hardened and angry, because no on e back home understands what they are going through (O’Brien 155).† Hence, the soldiers live a lonely life far from social interactions. Because of this alienation, soldiers manifest unfavorable traits after war. Indeed, the author records that out of this alienation, a soldier killed himself after the war. As such, lack of somebody to share information, lack of concern or understanding from those around us promotes the feeling of aliena

Quality focused paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality focused paper - Essay Example TQM encompasses other factors such as the Kano model’s analysis of the customer’s perceptions of quality; the cost of quality model; statistical process control; the Six Sigma and other quality strategies, and the implementation of best practices in quality development in business enterprises. Soltani et al (2008) have found that the success of TQM depends on the extent of commitment of top management towards the concept. This paper proposes to discuss the various dimensions to quality management, taking into consideration the relevance of quality management in today’s world, the quality control strategies constituting total quality management, and best practices for implementing quality management philosophies. Other related concepts will also be discussed, and the quality development strategies in various companies in the business world, will be demonstrated. There are various dimensions of quality. Some of the factors are related to excellence in performance and manufacturing and meeting the requirements of specifications and standards. The measurability of quality is also an important dimension, which involves use of statistical process tools for measuring quality. Quality systems can be benchmarked against quality standards. The International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 and the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model are two international standards for quality management. Quality, cost, level of customer complaints, flexibility and reliability are some of the performance goals. Value for money is another important factor, achieved throutgh six sigma statistical process control, and â€Å"added value† through customer care programs such as the provision of servicing, repair and maintenance facilities (Pergamon, 2005). Relevance of the Topic in Today’s World: With increasing competition in the production and marketing of goods and